考研翻译训练(考研英语长句翻译的方法)

2024-05-10 01:56:22

考研英语长句翻译的方法

 考研翻译基础--长句的译法

 长句的翻译实际上是多种翻译方法的综合应用,在翻译时,考生首先要弄清原文结构,找出中心思想及各层意思,分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,再按照汉语特点和表达方式正确译出,不拘泥于原文的形式。常用的方法有顺序法、逆序法、分译法、综合法等。

 例1:The Committee prepared this paper because its members recognized that the government has failed to establish an energy policy capable of providing a comprehensive energy source that can meet our requirements for the last portion of this century and the greater portion of the next.

 简析:如时间或逻辑顺序与中文表达一致,可采用顺译法。这句话有四个句子组成,一个从属一个,为一种纵向关系,所以顺序译法。第3句由于capable引导的词组较长,中间还有动名词providing作为定语,置于所修饰的名词policy之后,译的时候为紧凑可置于policy之前。

 译文:该委员会制订这份文件,是因为该委员会的成员看到政府已不能制订一个能够提供全面,以满足我们在本世纪和下大半世纪的需要。

 例2:Primary colors are colors in terms of which all other colors may be described, or from which all other colors may be evolved by mixture.

 简析:若原文的次序与汉语表达习惯不同,或完全相反,汉译时可采用逆译法。在英语中,名词、代词、形容词或动名词作定语时一般放在所修饰名词前面;从句和各种短语作定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后。汉语却不同,它的定语统统放在所修饰的词之前,故翻译时,需对原文结构的排列顺序作部分调整。本句有两限制性定语从句,均逆译。

 译文:原色这种颜色,就是所有其他颜色可以用它们来表示或者可用它们来配制的色。

 例3:The great difficulty of introducing radically new computer architectures which requires customers to rewrite most of their software excluded the possibility for these techniques to find their way to the commercial marketplace.

 简析:分析也称拆译,就是把一些曲折层叠的长复合句拆成短句,再分别进行翻译。 本句的主语是带介词短语,其中又套有定语从句的复杂结构,难以直译。译文只好打散原文句子的结构,重新组合,先把定语从句拆出分译,再把“great difficulty”抽出来译,独立构成一词,才使得译文通顺流畅。

 译文:采用全新的计算机体系结构,势必要求用户改写其大部分软件,因此难以付诸实现,这就排除了这种技术进入商品市场的可能性。

 例4:To head the development division they chose a forty-year-old engineer, Kenicai Yamamoto, who in the succeeding few years emerged as one of the handful of the handful of Men---Froede, Bentele, Bensinger of Daimler-Benzs---who have made major contributions to rotary technology.

 简析:当前3种译法都感不便时,便可以进行综合处理,或按时间先后,或按逻辑顺序,有顺有逆、有主有次地进行分译。本句以关联who承上启下,首尾相接。汉语则必须分开分家,独立成句,因此必然重复出现上句中的有关的词。

 译文:为了领导这个开发部,他们选择了一个40岁的`工程师山本健。他在以后的几年中,成了少数几个名人――福来迪、本特尔、戴姆勒-奔驰公司的本辛格-之一,这些人对转子技术都作出了重大贡献。

 下面我们还是来做些习题来巩固一下今天学习的内容吧:

 1. On August 1, the gunboat began her mission, which was, in the eyes of the defenders, a provocative act and seemed to be part of the overall assault which had begun on July 31.

 2. The method normally employed for free electrons to be produced in electron tubes is thermionic emission, in which advantage is taken of the fact, if a solid body is heated sufficiently, some of the electrons that it contains will escape from its surface into the surrounding space.

 3. The site at Poverty, Louisiana, has been known to archeologists since the early 1900s, but it wasn’t until 1953, when aerial photographs were taken, that the ridge pattern was first spotted.

 4. By the middle of the year, he warned, the Soviet Union would overtake the United States in the number of landbased strategic missiles, the result of a massive Soviet effort beginning in the mid-1960s, after the Cuban fiasco, to achieve at least parit and possibly superiority in nuclear weapons.

 参考译文:

 1、.8月1日炮舰开始执行任务。在防御者看来,这是一次挑衅行动,而且似乎是7月31日开始的全面攻击的一个组成部分。

 2、将固体加热到足够温度时,它所含电子就有一部分离开表面,飞逸到周围空间中,这种现象叫做热离子放射。电子管就是利用这种方法来产生自由电子的。

 3、考古学家早在本世纪初就已知道路易斯安那州波佛迪波安特的这处遗址了。然而直到1953年进行了空中摄影之后,才第一次发现了土岗排列的图形。

 4、他警告说,到本年年中,苏联将在陆上发射的战略导弹的数量上超过美国,因为苏联在古巴事件中遭到失败后,从60年代中期就大力发展导弹,目的是为了在核武器方面至少达到同美国均等,并力争超过美国。

;

减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同,有些词语或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的,但若搬到译文中去,就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中,为了使译文更加简练,更符合汉语的表达习惯,需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意,减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容,在不易减译的情况下,不要随便减。

 1)省略代词。如:

 We are pleased to have received your invitation to the symposium on internet.非常高兴收到你寄来的参加互联网会议的邀请。(省略代词“我们”)

 If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion.如果连锁反应不加控制,就可能引起可怕的爆炸。(省略代词it, it在这里代表the chain reaction)

 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继续下去了。(原文中两处代词it均为形式宾语,)(真题示范)

 It was stipulated that the goods should be delivered in three days.规定三天后发货。(it是形式主语,that是先行词)

 2)省略冠词。如:

 The volume of a gas increase more quickly than that of a liquid.气体体积增加的速度比液体快。

 3)省略连词。如:

 When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.气压低,沸点就低。(连词when可以不译)

 Henry had worked in a bank for years, and then he went to study in MIT.亨利在一家银行工作了几年,然后去麻省理工大学学习去了。

 4)省略介词。如:

 The distinction between light and pigment is important to color theory.区别光和色对于色彩理论来说很重要。(between可以不译)

 Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of science.多年来,工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉,在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家忽视了。(真题示范)

 Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。

 The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油供应可能随时被切断;不管怎样,以目前的这种消费速度,只需30年左右所有的油井都会枯竭。(真题示范)

 5)省略名词。如:

 Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled.也许你忘记了五月份的购货款还没有结算。(fact后面引导的是一个同位语从句,可以不译)

 6)省略动词。如:

 There is no doubt that we‘ll carry out the experiment successfully.毫无疑问我们一定能把实验搞成功。(there is不翻译)

 He behaved politely while answering the interviewer‘s questions.他在回答采访者的问题时,很有礼貌。(behave不翻译)

 Galileo‘s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽里略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转,而不是围绕地球旋转。

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